Analysis Of The Great Gatsby And The Age Of Innocence

Erica Pauls-Ugwuibe Mrs. Wall English II PAP 17 March 2015 The Past Creates the Present â€Å"Study the past to define the future.†- Confucius Do events of the past affect an individual’s life? How important are memories of the past for people of the future? Does the past, even relate to the future at all? To figure out the answers to these questions, one has to understand the impact that past events can do to one’s future. Events in the past are essential to an individual s development and can change their perspective of life. As a matter of fact, you can see these questions being answered in Classical Literature, Modern Literature, Current Events and even Visual Rhetoric. Particularly, in the Classic Literature pieces, â€Å"The Great Gatsby† and â€Å"The Age of Innocence†. In the Classic Literature, â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by Scott Fitzgerald, the main character, Jay Gatsby is severely stuck in the past; everything he does in his life is directly related to the past. In the novel, Gatsby’s companion, Nick tells Gatsby,â€Å"I wouldn’t ask too much of her, you can’t repeat the past†, and Gatsby replied â€Å"Why of course you can†(Fitzgerald, 110). Nick was referring to Gatsby’s longtime ex-lover Daisy, whom Gatsby had dedicated his entire life recapturing a golden past with. In addition to changing his priorities in life, Gatsby bought an expensive mansion and threw lavish parties attended by a great number of people, hoping one day Daisy would attend. He was so stuck on the memories theyShow MoreRelatedSophia Diep . Mrs. Ploeger . English 3, P. 6. 8 March 2017.1197 Words   |  5 Pag esSophia Diep Mrs. Ploeger English 3, P. 6 8 March 2017 The Great Gatsby Character Analysis Essay Outline Thesis: In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald shows the corruption of material wealth through the empty life of Daisy Buchanan. I. F. Scott Fitzgerald weaves white and yellow to present a contrast between Daisy s purity and her actual corruption by materialism. A. Daisy is associates with the color of white, from her young age to now, she dressed in white, and had a little white roadsterRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald3044 Words   |  13 Pagesyet many strive to reach it in their lifetime. Many define the American Dream as the notation that the American social, economic and political system is the key to a life of personal happiness and material comfort. The central theme of both ‘The Great Gatsby’, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and ‘The Catcher in the Rye’, by J.D Salinger, is American lifestyle and mind-set during a time of prosperity. Both texts suggest that changes to American culture causes disappointment as many spent their life searchingRead MorePsychology and Author’s Purpose in the Great Gatsby2923 Words   |  12 PagesPsychology and Author’s Purpose in The Great Gatsby It was 1931, six years after the publication of The Great Gatsby, when historian James Truslow Adams coined the term The American Dream (â€Å"The Epic of America†, 415). Yet, his was a new take on an old concept. F. Scott Fitzgerald did not have to wait for Adams to brilliantly propose that the ideal of social equality and the pursuit of Happiness is a dream like enterprise, which has little to do with reality (US 1776). In the 1920’sRead MoreShort Summary of the Great Gatsby11203 Words   |  45 Pagesexceedingly ambivalent about the notion of the American dream: for him, it was at once vulgar and dazzlingly promising. It need scarcely be noted that such fascinated ambivalence is itself typically American. Like the central character of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald had an intensely romantic imagination; he once called it a heightened sensitivity to the promises of life. The events of Fitzgeralds own life can be seen as a struggle to realize those promises. He attended both St. Paul AcademyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2631 Words   |  11 Pages Edward Fawcett Professor Hood English 101 31 May 2016 The Great Gatsby Memorial The Great Gatsby is considered to be one of the greatest novels of all time. The majority of high school students read The Great Gatsby during their junior or senior years, and some schools even have the students watch the movie in class. The novel is overall very useful for critical analysis and reflection assignments. A four word summary of the book could describe it as a huge love circle, but that’s really a poorRead MoreThe Disillusionment of American Dream in Great Gatsby and Tender Is the Night19485 Words   |  78 PagesThe disillusionment of American dream in the Great Gatsby and Tender is the night Chapter I Introduction F. Scott Fitzgerald is the spokesman of the Jazz Age and is also one of the greatest novelists in the 20th century. His novels mainly deal with the theme of the disillusionment of the American dream of the self-made young men in the 20th century. In this thesis, Fitzgerald’s two most important novels The Great Gatsby(2003) and Tender is the Night(2005) are analyzed. Both these two novelsRead More Censorship in the Classroom Essay2774 Words   |  12 Pagesnovel I could finish. In junior high and high school, we were taught Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer, The Hobbit and Sounder, and My Brother Sam Is Dead, along with the classics. None of these books ruined my innocence. When I was date-raped the summer I was sixteen -- that ruined my innocence. Since then, I read that Maya Angelous novel I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings has been censored because the rape of eight-year-old Ritie by her mothers boyfriend, Mr. Freeman, is too pornographic.Read MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†

The Summer Of 1787 The Men Who Invented The Constitution

Brief Introduction: The novel The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution chronicles in depth the taxing process that led to establishing a new draft of government, the Constitution. Its author David O. Stewart is an adept man, whose notable achievements well qualify him to write in the genre of American History. Stewart has been practicing law in Washington D.C. for over twenty-five years, with many of his cases concerning constitutional law. With this career, Stewart has had the opportunity to not only defend criminals but to challenge government actions as being unconstitutional and to argue cases before the United States Supreme Court, providing him with extensive knowledge of the constitution. While preparing to brief one of these cases to the Supreme Court, Stewart read every page of Madison’s notes from the Constitutional Convention, all five hundred plus, which sparked his desire to write about the Convention. In his writing career, Stewart has been featu red in many esteemed columns and newspapers as well as nominated for multiple awards for his work, which often focuses on law. His first novel, The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution, was published by Simon and Schuster and copyrighted in 2007, and contains three hundred forty-nine pages. Special features of the novel include two appendixes, which explain the elector system in depth and display the Constitution. The novel also includes a section of further reading suggestions as wellShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Summer Of 1787 By David O. Stewart1600 Words   |  7 Pageswriting The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution (specifically, I read the First Simon Schuster trade paperback edition May 2008, copyrighted in 2007), he uses that experience in law to prove himself a gifted storyteller. Two hundred sixty-four pages long, this United States history nonfiction book does indeed have the substance to engage the reader throughout. It h as special features that include two appendices featuring the elector system and the actual constitution of 1787, author’sRead MoreModel Research Paper2085 Words   |  9 PagesModel Research Paper ENG302B: American Literature | Unit 4 | Lesson 1: What is a Research Paper? Model Research Paper The Constitution: A Model of Collaborative Effort By Jeffrey Twinning Who wrote the Constitution? Was it Thomas Jefferson? No, Jefferson was the main author of the Declaration of Independence, but he did not attend the Constitutional Convention in 1787 because he was in France serving as the American minister to that country. Was it George Washington? No, he was president of theRead MoreA Description of Bleeding Kansas3703 Words   |  15 Pagesside Compromise of 1850 allowed california to enter the union as a free state and divided the mexican cession into two territories where slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty Copperheads (AL) , a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War, Vallandigham Corrupt Bargain Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect

Aspects of Contract and Neglegence for Business Essay Free Essays

string(131) " different contracts The Sale of Goods Act-1979 can be applied in the instance of the instance between Linda Green and the jobber\." IntroductionThis study focuses on the designation of the facets of contract and carelessness for concern. There are understandings and contract in every concern in recent than earlier. Verbal understandings are normally no longer used by the concerns. We will write a custom essay sample on Aspects of Contract and Neglegence for Business Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Written understanding in the signifier of contract is ore preferred to all. But. the profitableness of contract is uncomplete if the ordinances and facets are unknown. Well recognition of contract in concern provides a legal certification procuring the outlooks of the parties involved. Contracts work as a safety tool of the resources. On the contrary. carelessness is lifting into the basis of our system for counterbalancing people for inadvertent harm and hurts. This is because it allows the tribunals to present amendss in civil wrong in some fortunes where it is non possible to make so in contract. This study will assist scholars to understand in and all about the contract formation and carelessness of contract in concerns. Learning OBJECTIVESTASK 1 Understand the indispensable elements of a valid contract in a concern context TASK 2 Be able to use the elements of a contract in concern state of affairss TASK 3 Understand rules of liability in carelessness in concern activities TASK 4 Be able to use the rules of liability in carelessness in concern state of affairss. Undertaking 1LO 1. 1 Importance of the indispensable elements required for the formation of a valid contract Offer and Acceptance: The being of an offer and an credence are a procedure of dissect the process of agreement to make up one’s mind whether an understanding has been created. Common consent of the parties is necessary of an understanding. Without an understanding. contract is impossible. Consideration: another critical component is consideration of the parties related to the contracted topic. Legal consideration makes the parties form a contract. Capacity: Both or all of the parties need to be capable to cover an understanding. Having mental upset. under age etc. do incapacities to organize a contract. Consent: The apprehension would be invalid. if the portion doesn’t come without consent. Consent means willingness of the parties. It might be influenced by several issues. Certainty: It is needed to the topic of the contract be certain. Uncertainty creates ambig uity in the contract. Lawfulness: The topic is of import to come into trade or contract lawfully. Otherwise. it won’t be count as a contract harmonizing to the jurisprudence. LO 1. 2 Impact of different types of contract Bilateral and Unilateral ContractsIf two parties exchange a shared and equal warrant that ensures the executing of a gesture. a committedness or a dealing or turning away from executing of a presentation or a committedness. refering each assemblage included in the understanding. is called as bilateral contract in the facets of jurisprudence. It is besides called as a reversible contract. Unilateral contract is a warrant provided by one and merely assemblage. The offerer who offers. warrants to put to death a certain gesture or a committedness if the offeree who accepts the offer. coincides on executing an act that is seen as a legitimately enforceable contract. It normally asks for an recognition from the other assemblage to acquire the understanding executed. As a consequence. it is an unbalanced contract since merely the offerer is certain to the tribunal of jurisprudence nor the offeree. An of import aim of this type of understanding is that. the offeree can’t be sued for f orbearing. giving up or really pretermiting to put to death his presentation. since he doesn’t warrant anything. If two parties trades a common and mutual promise that implicates the executing of an act. forbearing. abandoning or even neglecting to put to death his act. since he does non assure anything. LO 1. 3 Footings in contracts with mention to their significance and consequence ConditionsA status is an of import affair of capable which is considered as the basic to the chief cause for the formation of understanding. A breach of status qualifies the harmed party for denying the understanding. WARRANTIES Warranty is a less indispensable but ineluctable term. It is count as a must to the understanding as it is non cardinal. A guarantee gives the harmed party the right to claim injuries and the claimed party can’t revoke the understanding. Intermediate Footing It is tough to specify a term suitably earlier clip as either a status or a guarantee. A few issues may include a moderate place. in that the term could be surveyed as the results of a interruption. Sing that a rupture of the term brings about utmost injury. the harmed party will be qualified for haling the understanding where the interruption includes minor bad luck. the harmed party’s remedies will be limited to harm. Undertaking 2LO 2. 1 Application of the elements of contractIn the jurisprudence of contract. the offer and credence is so conventional and important. The rules of offer and credence include a standard offer. credence and correspondence around the two or more parties or people doing the understanding is important. In the given concern scenario. it is noticeable that the illustrations of organizing an understanding is when Mr. John was responded the responsibility of guaranting new Personal computer model. He decided to purchase from â€Å"Best Computers† . and marked a concern concurrency with that organisation for the supply of new machine models. In concern concurrency with Best Computers. the footings and conditions of the understanding were non clear plenty. and Mr. John signed that contract without a spot respect for the all facets of the averment. which created a wretchedness for him and few yearss subsequently when they neglected to provide the machines on clip and most of them were harmed. That happened because of the contractual topics were non checked decently. The offer must be univocal and immediate to an surrogate party to contract. LO 2. 2 Application of the jurisprudence on footings in different contracts The Sale of Goods Act-1979 can be applied in the instance of the instance between Linda Green and the jobber. You read "Aspects of Contract and Neglegence for Business Essay" in category "Essay examples" The act can be applied in the instance in the undermentioned ways: If Linda Green wants a claim under the Sale of Goods Act. she has several possible ways of deciding the issue depending on the fortunes and on what she wants to be done. Well here the rights are against the jobber non the maker as the marketer was apt because of the incorrect supply of merchandise. The Sale of Goods Act 1979 gives the right to the purchaser to acquire replaced. repaired or refunded if the goods are defective and it is returned in the clip as per the jurisprudence provides that is 3-4 hebdomads after purchase depending on the type and nature of the defective merchandise. So Linda Green can reject it and acquire a refund in stipulated clip. The retail merchant must mend or replace defective goods within a sensible clip. If don’t. Linda will be entitled to claim either a decrease on the purchase monetary value or recision. If the retail merchant refuses. so the compensation can be claimed by mendi ng it by person else and roll up the sum at that place of ( Simon and Gillian. 2005 ) . But Linda’s claims end up in tribunal. and so she has to turn out that the mistake was present when she bought the point and it wasn’t the consequence of normal wear and tear. But if it is beyond six months. adept sentiment is required to turn out the faulty merchandise. So given the undermentioned state of affairss. Linda Green can easy win in claiming for the faulty goods. LO 2. 3 Effects of different footingsA proper rating of the effects of different footings is necessary to continue with the contract. Here. a state of affairs was given where some footings are noticeable. The followerss are some of the footings of John’s contract with the Best Computers: The marketer will non transport the hazard for any harm or bad luck occurred by any defect in workstation. Parties are able to call off the petition through a former notice of three yearss without geting any duty for any bad luck. Value paid by clients is non returnable by the organisation at the cancellation of the understanding. These are some indispensable footings included in John’s contract with the Best Computers. The organisation should hold been obligated to vouch the safety of supplying right machines or any available points without any mischievousness. The organisation should hold been responsible to reply for any happening. But conditions should be included in the apprehensio n of the understanding. Making legitimate model of the cancellation of understanding is furthermore imperative throughout the given contract. but doing some footings unnoticed is non lawful. all the footings and conditions involved in an understanding must be good defined and clear plenty. TASK 3 LO 3. 1 Liability in civil wrong with contractual liabilityThere are some important differences exist in between the liability in civil wrong and contractual liability. Some among of them are as: †¢ Contractual duties are volitionally done but Byzantine duties are implemented by jurisprudence. Contractual duties give a free pick to come in in a contractual relationship but Byzantine duties provide no picks.†¢ a individual is apt to pay or owes a responsibility merely to the contracted party but liabilities in civil wrong agencies that a individual is apt to owe responsibility to all as non to slander or intrude other’s belongings.†¢ A historical difference of formation exists in these two. The contractual liability is created from three parts of actions as debt. compact and sumps while the liabilities in civil wrong are derived from the right of trespass.†¢ Usually liability in contract is rigorous and ineluctable one time formed but the Byzantine liability is based on mistake. Any mistake comes into history in the Byzantine liability. It is more similar common for everybody of a certain affair. The liability in civil wrong is ever paid square atten tion while the liability in contract is non at all. LO 3. 2 Nature of liability in carelessness In the given state of affairs. the direction of the organisation is apt for the injuries and hurts caused by the slippy floor of their office and they should besides be considerable adequate to see themselves dependable for the amendss or injuries caused due the mistakes in their merchandises. Rigorous duty is risk without defect. Recollect rigorous hazard is non categorical duty and is deserving researching of the jurisprudence on this zone. As pictured prior that Byzantine duty rotates around duties settled by jurisprudence. While rigorous hazard is a criterion for duty which may be in either by a condemnable or civil connexion. A regulation specifying rigorous duty makes an single lawfully answerable for the injury and bad luck brought on by his or her passages and inadvertences paying small attentiveness to blameworthiness. In the given state of affairs the disposal of Best Computer is answerable for the amendss and lesions brought approximately by the slippery floor of their off ice. and they might every bit good similarly be sufficient to see themselves as reliable for the injuries or amendss initiated due the issues in their points. LO 3. 3 Concept and elements of vicarious liability Vicarious liabilityVicarious liability refers liability for the civil wrongs of others. It arises due to a relationship between the parties. It is a philosophy of English civil wrong jurisprudence that imposes rigorous liability on employers for the errors of their employees. Generally. an employer will be held apt for any civil wrong committed while an employee is carry oning their responsibilities. The vicarious liability commissariats of the statute law are merely applicable where the alleged favoritism and torment occurs in connexion with the person’s employment. This means the employer may be held vicariously apt for the actions of employees if they have non taken all sensible stairss to forestall the favoritism and torment from happening both within the usual work environment and at employer events. such as sponsored seminars. conferences. work maps. Christmas parties. concern or field trips. An employer may be vicariously apt for the behavior of: single employees or groups of employeesmanagers. supervisors or directorsworkplace participantsagentscontract workers or people being paid committeea spouse of a company hassling another spouseLiability of personsThe vicarious liability commissariats of the statute law do non prevent single individuals from being held apt for their ain discriminatory or hassling behaviour in the workplace or in connexion with their employment. It may be that both the employer. who has been found to hold non taken all sensible stairss to forestall the favoritism and torment from happening. and the person. who is the alleged differentiator or harasser. will be held jointly apt for the behaviour. Undertaking 4LO 4. 1 Application of the elements of the civil wrong of carelessness There are several constituents of carelessness that obliges that an pained party illustrates the attach toing four variables. They are: The litigator owed an duty to the offended party The litigator abused that dutyAs a effect of the respondent’s misdemeanor of that duty. the pained party endured harm The harm was a sanely predictable consequence of the litigant’s activity or inactivity In this state of affairs. the artlessness is happened when figure of people slipped at floor of the Best Computer office. In fact. they may every bit good inform the wet floor and show people come ining to their office premises. LO 4. 2 Application of the elements of vicarious liabilityIt is obligatory for the resident of premises to vouch the wellness and security of the persons working at that place. In the given state of affairs it was duty of the Best Computers to vouch that their office premises are sheltered for its specializers. The hazard appropriate in the given state of affairs will be direct liability on the evidences that the disposal is specifically obligated for the lesions created at their premises. DecisionIt is hoped that this study clear up its intents of specifying and showing the contract and footings and conditions of contract. It besides expresses an adequate illustration of carelessness which is a cardinal fact to the contract. Whatsoever. parties involved within an understanding or contract need to hold an well apprehension of contract and carelessness for every twenty-four hours concern traffics which is mentioned in a suited manner in this study. MentionsAndrew Burrows. Ewan McKendrick. James Edelman ( 2007 ) . Cases and stuffs on the jurisprudence of damages 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University. BPP Professional Education. ( 2004 ) . Compulsory Unit 5 Common Law I back uping foundation grades. West Midlands. England: W M Print. Rose. Nelson ( 2003 ) . Gambling and the Law: Status of Gambling Laws. California: Whittier Law School. MacMilan C. and Stone R. . 2012. Elementss of a Contract. London University Press. Atiyah P. S. . 2000. An Introduction to the Law of Contract. Clarendon. Beatson J. . 2010. A Burrows and J Cartwright. Anson’s Law of Contract. OUP ( ed 29 ) . London Press. McKendrick E. . 2009. Contract Law ( ed 4 ) . Palgrave. Peel E. and Treitel G. H. . 2011. Treitel on the Law of Contract ( ed 13 ) .Sweet and Maxwell. Simon D and Gillian M. . 2005. . Labour Law. UK.Department of employment and acquisition. 2004. Individual right of employees. Employment brochure series. UK. Mathews B. . 2002. Employer Employee Relationship. Department of labour publications. UK. Wedderburn K. W. . 1986. The Worker and the Law ( ed 3 ) . Harmondsworth. UK. The Sale of Goods Act. 1979 ( online ) Available at. Accessed at 9th July. 2014. The Consumer Credit Act-1974. Availabe at Accessed at 9th July. 2014. How to cite Aspects of Contract and Neglegence for Business Essay, Essay examples

Bad Habits free essay sample

Growing up most kids had super heroes as idols. My childhood idol was my grandfather. He could do no wrong in my eyes he was one heck of a man a very proud but quiet stern man. He epitomized the meaning of the head of a household. My grandfather had a lot of positive attributes to admire and to look up to but he had a bad habit of smoking Camel cigarettes that ended up killing him. As far back as I can remember my siblings and I would pack up and head to East Texas to spend the summer with my grandparents. I loved that because I got to spend time with my Pawpaw.He was a very tall and slender man. He stood 6’6† and weighed about 200 lbs. He was very soft spoken yet stern. He was like the old catch phrase from the 80’s when EF Hutton talks everyone listens. We will write a custom essay sample on Bad Habits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My grandfather didn’t say a whole lot but when he did it was a big deal! He was well respected in his community and everyone loved him. There are a lot of things that I remember about him that I admire still today even though he’s been gone over twenty yrs. He worked for the railroad for 35 yrs, back then there were no big pieces of machinery doing all the labor it was all done by hand.He was a tall strong looking man a picture of health in his prime. Every morning he would sit and enjoy his breakfast and thank the Lord for his job and family before he got up from the table. He would then go sit on the porch and have his coffee and smoke a cigarette. I remember he used to smoke Camels brand cigarettes. He was a heavy smoker and coffee drinker. I used to think that doing both of those things was so cool because pawpaw made it look so smooth. After a long hard day of working in the Texas heat, Pawpaw would get home around 4 pm every day and you guessed it he would smoking a camel.The first thing he would do when he got home was sit down on the front porch and ask us to help him take off his boots while still smoking his cigarette. He would then send one of us to the bathroom to run his bath (as hot as he could stand it he used to say) while he sat and read the evening newspaper and smoked another cigarette. My grandmother by this time would be up and preparing dinner for him before getting ready to pull a night shift at the hospital. I remember him staying in the tub for what seemed like hrs but was more like 30 minutes. He then emerges from the bathroom and settles down at the dinner table while my Granny served dinner. He would enjoy his meal and then come out on the porch and play with us while of course smoking another cigarette. This was my grandfather’s routine everyday like clockwork for as long as I can remember until he got sick of course. By now I’m sure you’ve figured out that the habit that eventually killed my hero was â€Å"smoking. † My grandfather retired from the railroad after 30+ yrs of hard work in 1983. In January of 1984 he went to the doctor complaining about a nagging cough that just wouldn’t go away.The doctors did their thing and after a month’s worth of test diagnosed pawpaw with lung cancer in both lungs. At the time of his diagnosis he was 6’6† 220 and full of life. That was just the beginning of a long battle with lung cancer which my grandfather eventually lost. Pawpaw fought a tough fight but in the end he couldn’t even stand up or walk on his own. When he passed away he was a measly 100 lbs, a shell of the man I once idolized. I remember asking my mother was it those cigarettes that he loved so much that got him sick and her replying, â€Å"Yes son it was those damned cigarettes.†The day he passed away I vowed to speak out against smoking to everyone I loved! I wasn’t going to sit by and watch smoking kill someone else I loved after watching my grandfather die a horrible death because of a horrible habit the eventually killed him! So if you are a smoker please, please stop today! Think about the person you are today and how happy and full of life you are and then think about dying a horrible death. This disease tortures you and the ones who have to stand by and witness your demise. It’s not worth it!!!

Reasons of the High Homosexual Marriage Rate

Post Secondary Education for Adults Returning to Study Essay Example

Post Secondary Education for Adults Returning to Study Essay Example Post Secondary Education for Adults Returning to Study Essay Post Secondary Education for Adults Returning to Study Essay Essay Topic: Adults  ²f à ³Ãƒ ®urà ¥ n dult whà ®  ³s à ±Ãƒ ®ns ³dà ¥r ³ng post secondary à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n nd gà ®Ã‚ ³ng bà ±k tà ® à ±Ãƒ ®llà ¥gà ¥, whà ¥thà ¥r  ³ts tà ® rà ¥m ³n à ±Ãƒ ®mà °Ãƒ ¥t ³t ³và ¥  ³n à ³Ãƒ ®ur f ³Ãƒ ¥ld, dvnà ±Ãƒ ¥  ³n à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ±rà ¥Ãƒ ¥r à ®r là ¥rn nà ¥w sk ³lls, à ³Ãƒ ®urà ¥ nà ®t là ®nà ¥.  ²ts à ¥st ³mtà ¥d tht rà ¥Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ®rd 21.8 m ³ll ³Ãƒ ®n studà ¥nts rà ¥ ttà ¥nd ³ng mà ¥r ³Ãƒ ±n à ±Ãƒ ®llà ¥gà ¥s nd un ³và ¥rs ³t ³Ãƒ ¥s th ³s fll nd rà ®ughlà ³ 8.7 m ³ll ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f thà ¥m rà ¥ à ®ldà ¥r studà ¥nts, gà ¥s 25 nd uà °. Dà ¥tà ¥rm ³n ³ng hà ®w tà ® blnà ±Ãƒ ¥ wà ®rk, fm ³là ³, à °Ãƒ ¥rsà ®nl à °ss ³Ãƒ ®ns nd à ®thà ¥r grà ®wnuà ° dà ¥mnds w ³th à ±Ãƒ ®llà ¥gà ¥ à ±Ãƒ ®ursà ¥s à ±n bà ¥ à ±hllà ¥ng ³ng fà ®r dults whà ® rà ¥turn tà ® sà ±hà ®Ãƒ ®l. nà ®thà ¥r à ±hllà ¥ngà ¥ fà ®r mnà ³  ³s dà ¥tà ¥rm ³n ³ng hà ®w tà ® à °Ãƒ ³ fà ®r thà ®sà ¥ à ±rà ¥d ³ts rà ¥grdlà ¥ss à ®f whà ¥thà ¥r à ³Ãƒ ®urà ¥ st ³ll wà ®rk ³ng nd à ¥rn ³ng  ³nà ±Ãƒ ®mà ¥, rà ¥turn ³ng tà ® sà ±hà ®Ãƒ ®l duà ¥ tà ® là ³-à ®ff à ®r à ±hà ®Ãƒ ®s ³ng tà ® tkà ¥ brà ¥k  ³n à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ±rà ¥Ãƒ ¥r. Ã’hà ¥ gà ®Ãƒ ®d nà ¥ws  ³s tht thà ¥rà ¥ rà ¥ vr ³Ãƒ ¥tà ³ à ®f rà ¥sà ®urà ±Ãƒ ¥s v ³lblà ¥ tà ® à ³Ãƒ ®u. s à ³Ãƒ ®u là ®Ãƒ ®k t wà ³s tà ® mkà ¥  ³t ll wà ®rk, hà ¥rà ¥ rà ¥ fà ¥w stà ¥Ãƒ °s à ³Ãƒ ®u mà ³ tkà ¥:  · Ã’h ³nk th ³ngs thrà ®ugh Whà ¥thà ¥r à ³Ãƒ ®u à °ln tà ® stà ³  ³n à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ±rà ¥Ãƒ ¥r f ³Ãƒ ¥ld à ®r tà ® à ¥ntà ¥r nà ¥w à ®nà ¥, à ±rà ¥fullà ³ rà ¥sà ¥rà ±h wht à ³Ãƒ ®u à ±n à ¥Ãƒ µÃƒ °Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ ±t tà ® mkà ¥.  ½trt bà ³ us ³ng n à ®nl ³nà ¥ slrà ³ à ±là ±ultà ®r fà ®r bllà °rk slrà ³ f ³gurà ¥s  ³n à ³Ãƒ ®ur gà ¥Ãƒ ®grà °h ³Ãƒ ±l rà ¥g ³Ãƒ ®n. Dà ®Ã‚ ³ng sà ® à ±n hà ¥là ° à ³Ãƒ ®u mkà ¥ rà ¥l ³st ³Ãƒ ± à ±hà ®Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ¥s à ®n hà ®w tà ® à °Ãƒ ³ fà ®r à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n nd à ¥nsurà ¥ tht à ³Ãƒ ®u dà ®nt sà °Ãƒ ¥nd mà ®rà ¥ thn à ³Ãƒ ®u à ±n à ±Ãƒ ®mfà ®rtblà ³ ffà ®rd.  ²f à ³Ãƒ ®u à ±hà ®Ãƒ ®sà ¥ tà ® usà ¥ là ®ns tà ® à °Ãƒ ³ tu ³t ³Ãƒ ®n,  ³t mà ³ bà ¥ gà ®Ãƒ ®d à °rà ±t ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ¥ tà ® bà ®rrà ®w ssum ³ng tht à ³Ãƒ ®ur slrà ³ wà ®nt  ³nà ±rà ¥sà ¥ s ³gn ³f ³Ãƒ ±ntlà ³ sà ® tht nà ³ à °Ãƒ ³  ³nà ±rà ¥sà ¥ à ³Ãƒ ®u dà ® g ³n à ±n fund f ³nnà ±Ã‚ ³l gà ®ls à ®thà ¥r thn à °Ãƒ ³Ã‚ ³ng bà ±k là ®ns.  · Là ®Ãƒ ®k t à ³Ãƒ ®ur tà ®tl à ¥Ãƒ µÃƒ °Ãƒ ¥nsà ¥s lthà ®ugh à ³Ãƒ ®u mà ³ nà ®t hvà ¥ à ±mà °us hà ®us ³ng à ±Ãƒ ®sts, à ³Ãƒ ®u à ±Ãƒ ®uld  ³nà ±ur à ®thà ¥r à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n-rà ¥ltà ¥d à ¥Ãƒ µÃƒ °Ãƒ ¥nsà ¥s suà ±h s tà ¥Ãƒ ±hnà ®là ®gà ³ fà ¥Ãƒ ¥s, trnsà °Ãƒ ®rtt ³Ãƒ ®n nd à °rk ³ng à ®r à ±h ³ldà ±rà ¥. Ã’lk w ³th n dm ³ss ³Ãƒ ®ns à ±Ãƒ ®unsà ¥là ®r tà ® sà ¥Ãƒ ¥ wht à ±Ãƒ ®sts à ³Ãƒ ®u shà ®uld nt ³Ãƒ ±Ã‚ ³Ãƒ °tà ¥ nd whà ¥thà ¥r thà ¥Ãƒ ³ hvà ¥ sà ¥rv ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ¥s à ®r à °rà ®grms tht à ³Ãƒ ®u mà ³ tkà ¥ dvntgà ¥ tà ® hà ¥là ° w ³th thà ¥sà ¥  ³nà ±Ã‚ ³dà ¥ntls.  · à °Ãƒ °là ³ fà ®r fà ¥dà ¥rl  ³d Fà ¥dà ¥rl  ½tudà ¥nt  ³d, à °rt à ®f thà ¥ U. ½. Dà ¥Ãƒ °rtmà ¥nt à ®f Ã…duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n,  ³s thà ¥ lrgà ¥st à °rà ®v ³dà ¥r à ®f studà ¥nt f ³nnà ±Ã‚ ³l  ³d  ³n thà ¥ nt ³Ãƒ ®n. F ³nnà ±Ã‚ ³l  ³d  ³snt  ¼ust fà ®r f ³rst t ³mà ¥ studà ¥nts.  ²t à °rà ®v ³dà ¥s grnts, là ®ns nd wà ®rk-studà ³ funds tà ® qul ³f ³Ãƒ ¥d studà ¥nts ttà ¥nd ³ng à ±Ãƒ ®llà ¥gà ¥ à ®r à ±rà ¥Ãƒ ¥r sà ±hà ®Ãƒ ®l. Ã’Ã ® là ¥rn mà ®rà ¥ à ®r tà ® à ±Ãƒ ®mà °là ¥tà ¥ thà ¥ Frà ¥Ãƒ ¥ à °Ãƒ °l ³Ãƒ ±t ³Ãƒ ®n fà ®r Fà ¥dà ¥rl  ½tudà ¥nt  ³d (FF ½) fà ®rm, v ³s ³t ffs.à ¥d.gà ®v. ?à ¥Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ °  ³n m ³nd tht sà ®mà ¥ f ³nnà ±Ã‚ ³l  ³d  ³s wrdà ¥d à ®n f ³rst-à ±Ãƒ ®mà ¥, f ³rst-sà ¥rvà ¥ bs ³s, sà ®  ³ts bà ¥ttà ¥r tà ® à °Ãƒ °là ³ sà ®Ãƒ ®nà ¥r thn ltà ¥r.  ·  ½Ãƒ ¥rà ±h fà ®r sà ±hà ®lrsh ³Ãƒ °s Yà ®u mà ³ bà ¥ surà °r ³sà ¥d tà ® là ¥rn tht mnà ³ sà ±hà ®lrsh ³Ãƒ ° à °rà ®grms dà ®nt hvà ¥ n uà °wrd gà ¥ l ³m ³t. Whts mà ®rà ¥, thà ¥rà ¥ rà ¥ sà ±hà ®lrsh ³Ãƒ °s sà °Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ ±Ã‚ ³f ³Ãƒ ±llà ³ fà ®r dult studà ¥nts. lsà ® à ±Ãƒ ®ns ³dà ¥r tlk ³ng w ³th à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ¥mà °là ®Ãƒ ³Ãƒ ¥r nd sà ±hà ®Ãƒ ®l dm ³ss ³Ãƒ ®ns à ±Ãƒ ®unsà ¥là ®r à ®r à °rà ®grm d ³rà ¥Ãƒ ±tà ®r tà ® f ³nd à ®ut whà ¥thà ¥r à ³Ãƒ ®u qul ³fà ³ fà ®r nà ³ sà ±hà ®lrsh ³Ãƒ °s, d ³sà ±Ãƒ ®unts à ®r tu ³t ³Ãƒ ®n rà ¥Ã‚ ³mbursà ¥mà ¥nt à °rà ®grms thà ¥Ãƒ ³ à ®ffà ¥r.  ²f à ³Ãƒ ®uvà ¥ bà ¥Ãƒ ¥n l ³d à ®ff, à ±hà ¥Ãƒ ±k w ³th à ³Ãƒ ®ur fà ®rmà ¥r à ±Ãƒ ®mà °nà ³s à R dà ¥Ãƒ °rtmà ¥nt tà ® f ³nd à ®ut  ³f thà ¥Ãƒ ³ w ³ll dd à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n à ®r rà ¥tr ³n ³ng bà ¥nà ¥f ³ts tà ® à ³Ãƒ ®ur sà ¥và ¥rnà ±Ãƒ ¥ à °Ãƒ ±kgà ƒ ¥.  · Dà ¥tà ¥rm ³nà ¥  ³f à ³Ãƒ ®u qul ³fà ³ fà ®r tà µ à ±rà ¥d ³ts Ã’hà ¥rà ¥ rà ¥ twà ® tà µ à ±rà ¥d ³ts tht mà ³ bà ¥nà ¥f ³t à ³Ãƒ ®u. Ã’hà ¥ f ³rst, thà ¥ mà ¥r ³Ãƒ ±n ÃŽÃ °Ãƒ °Ãƒ ®rtun ³tà ³ Ã’Ã µ Ñrà ¥d ³t, à ±urrà ¥ntlà ³ à ®ffà ¥rs uà ° tà ® $2,500 à ®f thà ¥ à ±Ãƒ ®st à ®f tu ³t ³Ãƒ ®n, fà ¥Ãƒ ¥s nd à ±Ãƒ ®ursà ¥ mtà ¥r ³ls à °Ã‚ ³d dur ³ng thà ¥ tà µblà ¥ à ³Ãƒ ¥r fà ®r à ¥Ãƒ ±h à ®f thà ¥ f ³rst fà ®ur à ³Ãƒ ¥rs à ®f à °Ãƒ ®st-sà ¥Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ®ndrà ³ à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n (wh ³là ¥ à ¥nrà ®llà ¥d t là ¥st à °rt-t ³mà ¥). lsà ®, 40 à °Ãƒ ¥rà ±Ãƒ ¥nt à ®f thà ¥ à ±rà ¥d ³t (uà ° tà ® $1,000)  ³s rà ¥fundblà ¥ fà ®r qul ³fà ³Ã‚ ³ng tà µÃƒ °Ãƒ ³Ãƒ ¥rs à ¥và ¥n  ³f à ³Ãƒ ®u à ®wà ¥ nà ® tà µ. Ã’hà ¥ sà ¥Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ®nd, thà ¥ L ³fà ¥t ³mà ¥ Là ¥rn ³ng Ñrà ¥d ³t, à ®ffà ¥rs uà ° tà ® $2,000 à °Ãƒ ¥r rà ¥turn tà ® stud à ¥nts whà ® rà ¥ tk ³ng à ®nà ¥ à ®r mà ®rà ¥ à °Ãƒ ®st-sà ¥Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ®ndrà ³ à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n nd à ±Ãƒ ®ursà ¥s tà ® à ±qu ³rà ¥ à ®r  ³mà °rà ®và ¥  ¼Ãƒ ®b sk ³lls. Fà ®r hà ¥là ° dà ¥tà ¥rm ³n ³ng à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ¥l ³g ³b ³l ³tà ³, nd fà ®r  ³nfà ®rmt ³Ãƒ ®n bà ®ut à ®thà ¥r à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n-rà ¥ltà ¥d tà µ bà ¥nà ¥f ³ts, v ³s ³t  ³rs.gà ®v.  ·  ½Ãƒ ¥t uà ° 529 à °ln 529 à °ln  ³s n à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®nl sv ³ng à °ln à ®Ãƒ °Ãƒ ¥rtà ¥d bà ³ sttà ¥ à ®r à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®nl  ³nst ³tut ³Ãƒ ®n. Dà ¥s ³gnà ¥d tà ® hà ¥là ° fm ³l ³Ãƒ ¥s sà ¥t s ³dà ¥ funds fà ®r futurà ¥ à ±Ãƒ ®llà ¥gà ¥ à ±Ãƒ ®sts, thà ¥sà ¥ à °lns rà ¥nt à ®nlà ³ fà ®r à ³Ãƒ ®ung studà ¥nts: thà ¥Ãƒ ³ rà ¥ gà ®Ãƒ ®d fà ®r studà ¥nts t nà ³ gà ¥. Dà ¥Ãƒ °Ãƒ ¥nd ³ng à ®n à ³Ãƒ ®ur s ³tut ³Ãƒ ®n, à ³Ãƒ ®u mà ³ qul ³fà ³ fà ®r sttà ¥ tà µ dà ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®ns à ®r à ±rà ¥d ³ts, à ®r mtà ±h ³ng grnt à °rà ®grms w ³th ³n thà ¥ à °ln. ?à ¥Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ °  ³n m ³nd tht nà ³ là ¥ftà ®và ¥r à °ln ssà ¥ts rà ¥ gà ¥nà ¥rllà ³ trnsfà ¥rblà ¥ mà ®ng rà ¥lt ³và ¥s  ³nà ±Ãƒ ®mà ¥ tà µ frà ¥Ãƒ ¥ (nd g ³ft tà µ frà ¥Ãƒ ¥  ³f  ³n thà ¥ smà ¥ gà ¥nà ¥rt ³Ãƒ ®n). Gà ®Ã‚ ³ng bà ±k tà ® sà ±hà ®Ãƒ ®l à ±n bà ¥ và ¥rà ³ rà ¥wrd ³ng à ¥Ãƒ µÃƒ °Ãƒ ¥r ³Ãƒ ¥nà ±Ãƒ ¥, but  ³t à ±n à ±Ãƒ ®mà ¥ w ³th lrgà ¥ à °r ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ¥ tg. Fà ®rtuntà ¥là ³, thà ¥rà ¥ rà ¥ mnà ³ à ®Ãƒ °t ³Ãƒ ®ns fà ®r ffà ®rd ³ng sà ±hà ®Ãƒ ®l t nà ³ gà ¥. ftà ¥r dà ¥tà ¥rm ³n ³ng wht à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n w ³ll à ±Ãƒ ®st nd whà ¥thà ¥r à ³Ãƒ ®u qul ³fà ³ fà ®r  ³d, sà ±hà ®lrsh ³Ãƒ °s à ®r tu ³t ³Ãƒ ®n rà ¥Ã‚ ³mbursà ¥mà ¥nt, à ±Ãƒ ®nsult w ³th à ³Ãƒ ®ur f ³nnà ±Ã‚ ³l nd tà µ à °rà ®fà ¥ss ³Ãƒ ®nls. Ã’hà ¥Ãƒ ³ à ±n hà ¥là ° à ³Ãƒ ®u ssà ¥ss thà ¥ bà ¥st wà ³ tà ® à °Ãƒ ³ fà ®r à ³Ãƒ ®ur rà ¥m ³n ³ng à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n à ±Ãƒ ®sts, whà ¥thà ¥r  ³t  ³nvà ®lvà ¥s blnà ±Ã‚ ³ng w ³th à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ±urrà ¥nt sv ³ngs gà ®ls, sà ¥tt ³ng uà ° 529 à °ln à ®r à ®thà ¥r  ³nvà ¥stmà ¥nt, à ®r tk ³ng à ®ut là ®n.

Factors that considered when chosing a cladding system for a building Coursework

Factors that considered when chosing a cladding system for a building - Coursework Example Additionally, correct assembly of the components is necessary for a satisfactory performance of the system. The choice of the roof and wall cladding significantly influences the appearance of the building. Profile shape, fasteners and colour are particularly important. The profile shape influences the building’s appearance because of its effect on the perceived texture and colour of the cladding (Kassem, Dawood & Mitchell, 2012 p. 1042). The choice fasteners also influence the overall appearance of the building. For this reason, designers must careful consider the location, shape, size and colour of the washers and fasteners. Cladding system usually has a significant contribution to the overall wall insulation values. A number of complex cladding products encompass insulation. For instance, those with higher R-values, which relates to the capability of the material to resist heat flow, can limit bulk insulation between frame members in varied climatic conditions. Cladding fixed to frames, which are lightweight does not contribute to thermal performance irrespective of its mass, since it is on the outside of the building and uninsulated (Pan, Dainty & Gibb, 2012 p. 1244). Using cladding of higher mass in lightweight framing systems can greatly reduce thermal performance. Vermin resistance is usually dependent on the design details of the construction. Compound cladding systems that have EPS foam backing are likely to harbour birds and rats. In addition, termites do not attack reconstituted timber as well as non-timber systems. The minimum performance requirements for the aforementioned factors are entirely established by legislation (Kassem et al., 2012 p. 1048). Therefore, it is essential to consider the already laid policy when selecting a cladding system for a building. Cost of an insulated cladding in a normal industrial or commercial building is of a

Hall of frame for president of us Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hall of frame for president of us - Essay Example He is recognized for his efforts in making the country the world’s superpower during the war. He also had a vision of protecting the county’s citizens from the effects of the great depression. His legislation that guided the country through the great depression makes him a good leader (Stadelmann, 2009). Theodore Roosevelt was a great president who used his influence to the citizens to accept his ideologies. His influential ability helped him to get legislation passed in the congress (Stadelmann, 2009). He was the first president to use his influence to drive his foreign policies with other countries, and this ensured good international relations with them. William Jefferson Clinton is another great US president who is admired for his ability to handle crisis and scandals. He managed scandals effectively without letting them interfere with his leadership. I also like President Ronald Reagan due to his great communication skills; he would influence the public through his speeches and inspire the public through his messages (Bolno, n.d). President John Fitzgerald Kennedy is one of the best influential leaders that I have always admired. He is presumed to have had some leadership attributes from his father who had served as an ambassador in 1937 to 1940. He is renowned for his leadership styles, which the subsequent presidents of the United States have tried to emulate over the years. John Kennedy is best favorable president due to his leadership attributes were exhibited throughout his life. His first attribute as a great leader is charisma. This is due to his ability to inspire people through his practical choice of words. His messages motivated people to accept his leadership policies. He chose very wise words to manage crisis by demonstrating an ability to handle delicate situations amicably. The second attribute that I like about him was his visionary leadership. Kennedy was seen as a visionary leader who shared his vision and goals of the count ry with all citizens through his speeches (Colvin, 2008). This attribute creates an understanding that the future of a country depends on the leaders’ vision. As a visionary leader, he was able to show the direction which he wanted to lead the country. Hence, through this, he received great credibility and support from many people. The third admirable leadership attribute of President Kennedy was that he was able to delegate (Hald, 2007). A leader needs to delegate some powers to his subordinates who should share the same ideologies so that he can ensure that objectives are met in time. In addition, Kennedy’s administration was made up of learned scholars who were competent to take up roles. Hence, Kennedy easily delegated his authority to some of his cabinet while still exercising his control powers. This was seen by his appointment of Dean Rusk as his secretary of state (Hald, 2007). The fourth attribute of Kennedy that I like is that of inspirational leadership, a l eader should inspire his followers towards excellence (Colvin, 2008). Moreover, President Kennedy inspired other people to excel in the duties that they were assigned to, and offered support towards achieving such goals. Therefore, this encouraged teamwork and unity because people felt as part of his government. Lastly, I admire the courage that President Kennedy portrayed especially in dealing with serious issues. Since he had previously served as in the navy, Kennedy was seen to be courageous when dealing

Tax and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Tax and Ethics - Essay Example The issue of aggressive tax planning raises the question of ethics. Each of the aforementioned players has a critical role in the arrangement as ensuing thesis underscores. In an attempt to tackle the query at hand, it is important to understand the roots of the economic power plays of the international system. In his discourses, Immanuel Wallenstein discusses political economy of global capitalism. In an attempt to articulate his major argument, Wallenstein develops a theoretical framework, which he calls the World Systems Theory. According to this theory, there is a characteristic structural disparity brought about by capitalism. He espouses that in the political economy of capitalism, the developed economies of the West emerge as the holders of capital since they control the market. Subsequently, the impoverished countries of the third world provide cheap labor and raw materials required to facilitate production. Echoing the same thoughts, Karl Marx had earlier noted that elite na tions of the West could not continue to enjoy this prestigious condition without exploiting the poor countries. Information retrieved from the annals of Karl Marx’s ideology dubbed the Communist Manifesto indicates that there are two key players in the power play of the international system: elite individuals and multinational companies. In the political economy of global capitalism, self-preservation is the ultimate goal. For multinational companies, the subjects of this study, aggressive tax planning is one of the devious tactics used to meet this end goal. Role of Key Players in Aggressive Tax Framing As famed global visionary, Steve Jobs once said, with great power comes responsibility. Through aggressive tax planning perpetuated by their lobbyists, strategic planners and advisers with the help of the mainstream government, multinational companies have ignored their responsibility role by shirking away from their duty to care. By ignoring their duty to care, they ignore t heir ethical duty thus abusing their corporate social responsibility. Their subtle tax circumvention mechanisms are a show of greed and thirst for economic power, which raises ethical concerns. Sources retrieved from Amnesty International indicate, â€Å"Starbucks had sales of ?400 million in the UK last year, but paid no corporation tax. Amazon, which had sales in the UK of ?3.35 billion in 2011, only reported a "tax expense" of ?1.8 million And Google's UK unit paid just ?6 million to the Treasury in 2011 on UK turnover of ?395 million.† Economic experts from the Wall Street Journal apportion blame to professional advisory agencies. The professional advisors of the companies themselves have come under fire on the type of advice that they have given which has in turn given rise to the tax avoidance. Key professional services firms such as Deloitte Touche, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), KPMG, and Ernst & Young are equally as guilty as the companies themselves are. Certain expe rts argue that these advisory agencies are the real culprits. According to the Wall Street Journal, these advisory agencies wilfully mislead and manipulate the companies for their own profitable purposes. Top economists accuse the advisory agencies

Consumer Responses to Sex in Advertising

Consumer Responses to Sex in Advertising Abstract: This study analyses the Chinese and British consumers responses to sexual content in advertisements, the advertised brand and consumers buying intentions towards the brand. Focus groups will be the principle research method used in this study, totally 32 Chinese and British participants (including 16 male 16 female) will attend the focus groups discussion. The purpose of this study is to examine the differences in the effect of sex appeal on advertising and brand evaluation between Chinese and British consumers. This investigation will also explore whether gender or product involvement will have any significant relationship with consumers attitudes regarding different sex appeal ads. Rationale for the research Advertising is an important global marketing strategy, it is important for managers to know whether they can use standard advertisements in each of the places where their brands are sold or whether they need to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“localiseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? the advertisements my modify them to adapt the local cultural. The appearance and popularity of using sexual appeals in advertising has become a serious issue in the last 50 years. When using sex in international advertising, it is important to figure out whether sex appeal could be adopted cross national. Whether the effect of using sex in commercials is vary by country and cultural background. The main goal of the present study is to examine how the effect of sex contained advertising and consumers attitude toward these advertising and associated brand vary in different cultures by comparing Chinese and British consumer responses. There are many differences in social systems, cultural backgrounds and marketing and economic approaches betw een these two countriesChina is considered one of the largest developing countries in the world which has made it a target market for manufacturers from around the world in recent decade, whereas the United Kingdom is a highly developed Western country and is one of the main exporters to the Chinese market. The overall research objectives were defined as follows: 1. Fill the existing Gap in Chinese Research into Sex and Advertising Compared to the British regulators of the 1990s and early 2000s (Independent Television Commission, Broadcasting Standards Commission and the Radio Authority) which carried out a number of studies into the consumers attitude and responses toward sexual content in advertisements, the study in this area in China has been rare. One of the purposes of this research is to gain a comprehensive understanding of Chinese consumers responses of sex appeal advertising; what are the responses of Chinese audiences when they are exposed to sex appeal advertising? Does sex in commercials sell for Chinese consumers? This study could help the managers who targeting Chinese market understand the attitude and responses of the specific type of sexual content in advertising. This study will also investigate the specific type of sexual appeal which might cause public offence. Recognizing the audiences attitude and acceptance of specific sexual content in advertising might increase the effectiveness of usi ng sex appeal in television in Chinese market. 2. To understand the differences and similarities of consumer responses exist in both countries. Through a comparison of British and Chinese consumer responses, the difference and similarities that exist in these two countries will be outlined. This work will contribute to the understanding of how sexual appeal work differently by countries and by genders. Research Questions RQ1. What are the key differences in responses toward sex appeal advertising, brand, and buying intention between Chinese and British Consumers? RQ2. Whether gender is a significant variable in consumer responses to sex contained advertising? RQ3. Whether product type is a significant variable in consumer responses to sex contained advertising? Literature Review The definition of sex in advertising Since the 1800s, markets and advertisers have used sexy words and images to sell certain products. Along with the emergence and popularity of sexual advertisements, numerous studies have been carried out in this field. American social scientist Byrne (1982) deemed that sexual advertisements are a type of advertising with ascribed sexual meaning. Courtney and Whipple (1983:p.103) defined sex in advertising as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sexuality in the form of nudity, sexual imagery, innuendo, and double entendreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ employed as an advertising tool for wide variety for products.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? As noted by Gould (1994), sex in advertising is typically visual (physically attractive models, depictions of sexual behavior with partners or alone) but can also include verbal innuendo and explicit copy. In 2001, Reichert et al. cited that in the context of advertising, sex has been general considered as a tool of persuasion to draw attention to certain products or brands. By its very nature, advertising is a form of persuasion communication. (Thorson, 1990), As such, sex could be used to as persuasive message to promote products and brands. In 2003, Reichert pointed out that sex in advertising can be thought of as a sexual appeal that involve many factors and forms such as nudity, physical attractiveness, sexual behavior and double entendre (Reichert, 2003). Whatever presentation of the sex, the important underlying conceptual commonality is that the information evokes sexual thoughts and feelings in the viewer (Reichert, 2003: 234). Does sex sell? The previous study indicated that with sexy illustrations advertising can effectively grab consumers attention and improve recall of the commercial message. Sexual appeals have been shown to be more attention. Marketing researchers in this area investigated reactions of individuals to certain sexual appeals in advertising and explored reveal how sexual stimuli evoke reactions in individuals, and how these reactions may influence consuming behaviors. The goal of an advertisement is to promote products or services in an effective manner to attract the most people. If an advertisement cannot grab peoples attention, then it cannot affect their likelihood to buy that product. Thus, advertisers seek to make their commercials noticeable to their audiences. Consequently, marketing studies in this area often investigated whether marketing effectiveness of sexual advertising is improved by comparing audiences attentions between sexual and non-sexual advertising. In other words, these studies try to find whether sex appeals could increase the chance for ads for grabbing consumers attention then arousing their buying intention. The impact of sexual appeals on brand name recall and brand evaluation are also important themes in this field. Berceid and Walster (1994) investigate the power of the physical attractiveness. They found attractive people are usually rated as more desirable, respectable and influential than less attractive people. This psychological evidence on the power of physical attractiveness supports the potential commercial value of using sexy models to promote products in advertising. Alexander and Judd (1978) found that nudity and erotic content in ads can increase consumer attention to an advertisement but not necessarily enhance the brand recall and brand evaluation. In the study carried out by Marilyn et al. (1998), sexual appeals have been found to be more attention-getting, likeable, dynamic and more likely to increase a consumers interest in the topic than were nonsexual appeals. The previous research shows that with sexy illustrations advertising can effectively grab consumers attention and improve recall of the commercial message. Sexual appeals have been shown to be more attention. However, sexual appeals that are attention grabbing can also fail to enhance brand recall and brand evaluation of advertising. Many studies found that brand recall from non-sex-containing advertising is higher than that from adverts that do contain sexual content (Steadman 1969; Alexander Judd, 1978; Courtney Whipple, 1983). Individual Difference and Product Type Previous study indicated that individual differences of consumers and product type promoted in ads should be considered when predict the effectiveness of using sexual appeal in commercials. The gender differences and different cultural background of consumers could impact their attitude toward sex contained advertising, moreover, the different product type promoted in sex appeal ads could influence consumers attitude as well. Male and female represent distinct differences when they were exposed to sexual content. Men showed more tolerance of sexual theme and content, meantime, their attitude toward sex appeal ads itself and associated brand were more positive than their women counterparts (Steadman, 1991). In 2004, Pope et al. considered gender differences as an independent variable of impact on consumers attitudes toward sex appeal advertisements. The finding indicated that compared to males, female consumer were more tended to responses positively to mild sexual appeal in adverts. The cultural background is another important capricious in consumer responses to sex appeal ads. People from different countries have distinct attitudes and opinions of sexual content contained in commercials. The research shows that in continental European countries, such as Denmark, Germany, Italy and France, consumers generally showed tolerance of nudity in advertisements (Frith Mueller, 2003). In fact, according to a focus groups survey launched out by Tissier-Desbordes and Manceau (2002), French women typically regard female nudity and sexuality as aesthetic rather than sexual and erotic appeal. Wheras, Fetto (2001) carried out a public opinion survey in the U.S. focuses on peoples opinion toward sexual image in print advertising, majority people express that they do not like much sex in print ads and will boycott products which applied sexual appeal to promote. Meanwhile, compared to the U.S. consumer, British consumer showed an even stricter attitude toward female nudity in commercials (ITC, 2003). The previous research also indicated that influenced by traditional social and cultural values, people who live in countries in Asia and the Middle East tend to be more conservative than the US and Europe with respect to sexual content in adverts ( Frith Mueller, 2003). In addition, people were more likely to accept products and have positive attitude toward brand when they could see clear congruence between the products and the sexual content. Beauty and personal care products could easily be associated with sexual content and so increase the recall and acceptance among audiences (Gunter; 2002; Cheng, 2002). When consumers could not found clear relationship between the product type and sexual content they were more easily to be offended and harm the brand evaluation. The Sexual Content Might Cause Public Offence in Britain and China In Britain, IBA (Independent Broadcasting Authority) carried out a serious public opinion surveys in 1980s. This work was concerned, especially, with the publics acceptance not just of sexual treatments in advertising, but with the advertising of products that were associated directly or indirectly with sexual matters (Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA, 1988). The finding shows people find advertisements that featured sexual matters or promoted products for personal hygiene deeply offensive, only 16% audiences admitted that they had been offended by advertisements. The greatest source of these offensive advertisements is related to nudity or sexual content. The majority of audience (70%) said they would not feel embarrassed by watching sanitary protection products on screen. In a later survey, more than 1,1000 UK television viewers were asked if they had ever been offended by television advertisements in this study. Most people expressed they did not think AIDS, contraceptives or condoms advertisements would cause offence. However, majority of British Viewers felt uncomfortable when faced by advertisements for homosexual advice services and Homosexual related products. In 1994, ITC research comprised focus groups and depth interviewer to investigate audiences attitude toward different degrees of nudity in advertising. The finding indicated that nudity was regarded as more acceptable when it was relevant to the product and appeared after 9 pm. The data of focus groups revealed that the suggestive and partially nude seems to could be accepted by audience in any time, semi nude and back nude could be accepted after 9pm, full-frontal nude and sexual intercourse imply or explicit scenes were unacceptable by audience (ITC 1998). In 2004, British researcher Andrea and Lloyd carried out a focus groups survey to examine the consumer attitudes towards female nudity in advertising. The data from focus groups that consumers are more accepting of female nudity in adve rtising when they see a clear congruence between the sexual content and the product, message or positioning. There have been many fewer public opinion surveys on sex contained commercials in China. The only substantial studies we have located are that conducted by Cheng in Hong Kong in 2002. This survey used questionnaire which aimed at identifying what kind of advertisements consumers find offensive. The finding indicates that commercials promote contraceptive products were considered as more offensive than ads about female and males underwear. This study also pointed out that whether an audience will feel offended by advertising on the appeal than the product itself. Relevance to my study The review of previous research may contain clues about how specific aspects of advertising can exert effects on consumers. It provides useful inputs to methodology. The review of previous studies in this field could help to understand that how consumers responses to sex appeal should be studied and analyzed. Three important elements, attitudes towards the ad, the brand and buying intention were adopted for testing the effectiveness of sex appeal in this study. The review of relative gender-role stereotyping studies offers the theoretical basis for examining the men and womens different attitudes when they were exposed to sex contained advertisement. In addition, the previous cross-national comparison work, especially those compare sexy advertising in western and eastern cultural context, offers more detail what we already know about cross-national comparison into consumers responses to sex appeal advertising. Methodology Given the nature of my project, qualitative research approach would be the best way to fully tackle the research questions. This paper will apply focus groups to examine peoples attitude and opinion toward sex in advertising. It also tries to explain the differences existed in the Chinese and British consumer towards sexual appeal advertising. Participants For focus groups, Chinese and British participants will attended in group session to discuss their opinion and attitude toward sexual appeal in advertising base on their individual experiences. In total, 32 participants will take part in this study and were divided into 4 groups: Chinese females, Chinese males, British males, and British females. All participants are university students in LSC. Procedure Each of group would be asked to watch several advertisements contained different level of sexual content. Some advertisements only contain mild sexual content such as soft kissing, embracing, and suggestive nude), others contain high level sex appeals such as half nude, making out and sexual intercourse implied). The product types promoted in those sex contained ads are varying from beauty and personal care stuffs to electronic products. After that, participants would answer questions regard to their attitudes toward ads itself, brand and buying intention, and each participants will be required to discuss the question with others. Focus group will run for around 90 minutes. All discussion will be taped for data analyzing.

Juan Gris Essays -- essays research papers fc

Juan Gris, a Spanish-born painter, made important contributions to the modern style of painting called Cubism. GrisÕs paintings were always depicting his immediate surroundings. He painted still lives composed of simple, everyday objects, portraits of friends, and occasionally landscapes or cityscapes. The objects in his paintings and collages are more clearly defined and richly colored than those in the works of the earlier cubists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. His attention to the object in his compositions, and more typically Spanish hues, link his work to the Spanish still-life tradition. That tradition presents itself in many of his works. In Gris, work Bottle of Anis del Mono he puts the whole label of the bottle. Most typical of which is PicassoÕs Spanish Still Life. In this work, Picasso utilizes the precise red and yellow colors of the Spanish flag in depicting a ticket to a bullfight. Synthetic cubism was what Gris was painting. Pablo Picasso also being of Spanish decent used these influences. Cubism began as an intellectual revolt against the artistic expression of previous eras. Analytical Cubism and Synthetic Cubism are the two main terms used to describe paintings from this movement. In Analytical Cubism, the artist broke down, or analyzed, and then reassembled the observed forms in a mixture of ways. Similarly, in Synthetic Cubism, artists attempted to synthesize or combine imaginative elements into new representational structures. Among the specific elements abandoned by the cubists were the sensual appeal of paint texture and color, subject matter with emotional charge or mood, the play of light on form, movement, atmosphere, and the illusionism that proceeded from scientifically based perspective. Instead, Cubists used an analytic system in order to disjoint and reorganize the three-dimensional subject, which they were painting. In a shallow plane or within many interlocking and usually transparent planes the object would be lost and found again. Usually showing th e object from different angles on a two dimensional plane. Originally, from Spain, Juan Gris moved to Paris in 1906. It was there where he learned and watched the progression of cubism. He met and lived next to innovators of this art form, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Although he is not the pioneer of this art form, his first significant paintings appeared in 1910 and... ...y. Such profound events, which altered French society, are certainly connected to the stylistic development of Cubism. GrisÕs style was a commentary of the times. In his 1914 work, The Table, Gris pasted a newspaper headline onto the table, which when translated, means ÒThe True and the FalseÓ and the concept of illusion versus reality. The texture is independent of the objects. The wood grain representing the texture and material of the table seems to be distant from its outline, the glass of the table. Underneath it, there is a key meant to open the drawer to the table revealing no wood grain and what Gris felt was the ÒtruthÓ of the primed and plain white canvas. This paralleled the truth depicted in the headline. GrisÕs ability to contrast the clearly defined images, with the extremely abstract and disorienting images, was his signature style during this period. Still Life with a Guitar is a perfect example of GrisÕs early works in Synthetic Cubism. He retained this style throughout his career and it ultimately became his trademark. Bibliography Antliff, Mark and Patricia Leighten, Cubism and Culture, Thames and Hudson, 2000. Green, Christopher, Juan Gris, Yale, 1992.

Theory of Data Communication

Btec National Unit 8 – Communications Technologies |Hand-in date |Return date | |Assessment No: 8. | | | |Assessment Title: The theory of data communications | | | |This assessment has been internally verified by: Edexcel | | | |Hand out date: 21/10/10 Hand in date: 21/11/10 | | | |On going assignment used as a delivery tool | | | This assessment provides the opportunity to meet the grading criteria for the unit as indicated in the grid below. Student Name: Learner Authentication Statement If you copy from someone else or allow another candidate to copy from you, or if you cheat in any way you may be disqualified from at least the assignment concerned. Any help or information you have received from people other than your subject teacher must be clearly identified in the work itselfAny books, information leaflets or other material (eg videos, software packages or information from the internet) which you have used to help you complete this work must be clearly acknowledged in th e work itself. To present material copied from books or other sources without acknowledgement will be regarded as deliberate deception. Declaration by learner I have read and understood the above statements. I have produced the work without help except for help from my subject lecturer and the help which I have declared in the work itself. I have acknowledged all source material in the work itself.Write suitable materials for Chapter 1, section 1 which explains the purpose and workings of basic communication devices and the principles of signal theory. Task 1b M1 Explain techniques that can be used to reduce errors in transmissions Add a section 2 to your guide (entitled ‘Error detection and correction’) which explains the techniques that can be used to reduce data transmission errors. Task 2 and grading criteria covered TASK 2 P3Describe communication protocols used and explain why they are important D1Critically compare the OSI seven layer model and the TCP/IP model W rite section 3 (entitled ‘Communication protocols’), which should include a description of the communication protocols in common use and explain why protocols are important.Write a detailed comparison of the OSI seven layer model and the TCP/IP model, commenting on the approach taken and the suitability of each of the models. Guidance notes THIS ASSIGNMENT IS VERY MUCH ABOUT EXPLAINING THE BASIC THEORY THAT LIES BEHIND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY. THERE ARE LOTS OF SOURCES FOR THIS INFORMATION IN BOOKS AND ON THE INTERNET, BUT REMEMBER WHAT YOU WRITE MUST BE IN YOUR OWN WORDS; YOU CANNOT COPY MATERIAL DIRECTLY FROM THESE SOURCES.For Task 1a you will need to list the various types of communication devices and explain how they are used. Note that the unit content makes a distinction between ‘general’ communication devices, network components (servers, workstations, NICs, etc. and interconnection devices (hubs, routers, switches, etc. ). For this task (covering P 1) you should be describing general communication devices, not specific components which are covered in Assignment 3. In practice, it might be quite difficult to make this distinction, but don’t spend too much time describing network components in this assignment. In terms of communication devices, the unit content mentions wired devices, such as DTE devices (e. g. , a computer) and DCE devices (such as a modem), and wireless devices (such as mobile phones, PDAs and laptops, etc. ). You need to explain in outline the way these devices can be connected to a network.To cover P2 an explanation of digital signal theory is required. Refer again to the unit content to see the issues you must cover. For Task 1b you need to write an explanation of the techniques used for error reduction. The only technique mentioned in the unit content is checksums, but other simple techniques such as parity might also be covered. For Task 2 an explanation of what protocols are, why they are importan t and examples of ones in common use are required. To achieve D1 you will need to write a detailed comparison of the OSI and the TCP/IP models. This will need to point out the similarities and differences between the two models. LEARNER INSTRUCTIO The theory of data communications | |By Olateju Famuyiwa | | This book gives details of the basics of communication devices and methods of communication used within networking and the | |internet environment. | Table of Content Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE)4 Wireless Devices4 The principles of signal theory5 Data5 Denary to Binary5 Data Packets5 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmissions6 Bandwidth (Analogue)6 Bandwidth (Digital)6 Section2 Error detection and correction6 Parity (Odd and Even)6 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)7 Chapter 27Section3 Communications Protocols7 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)7 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)7 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)8 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)8 OS I Seven Layer Model9 TCP/IP Four Layer Model10 Critical Comparison10 The Session Layer (OSI)10 The Presentation Layer (OSI)10 The Application Layer (OSI)10 How OSI builds up applications10 How TCP/IP builds up applications11 Transport Layer (OSI)11 Transport Layer (TCP/IP)11 Comparing Transport for both Models11 Network Vs. Internet. 11 Data Link/Physical Vs. Subnet11 Assignment 8. : The theory of data communications I recently just got a job as a junior technician at NetCo; NetCo is a company that manufactures networking hardware such as switches, routers, etc†¦ They’re planning to start up a networking academy (rather like the Cisco Network Academy) and create related qualifications. The project manager has approached me so as to prepare some learning materials for ‘Chapter 1’ of the online course. Chapter 1 is entitled ‘The Theory of Data Communications’. The chapter will be subdivided into a number of sections. And I’ve decided that t he materials shall be produced in the form of a Word document. Chapter 1 Section1Identify and explain types of communication devices There are different types of communication devices; Communication devices are electronic hardware that interacts (communicates) with each other to perform specific tasks. The technologies that are used to communicate are data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE). Another type of communication devices would be Wireless devices. I plan to explain all the above in detail. Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) DTE is a form of expression for a device that is at the end of the line. Examples of this could be a modem, network interface card (NIC), mobile phone or Bluetooth.DTEs differ depending on its purpose, for example, with Bluetooth, size and range are an important feature and with mobile phones, the quality and bandwidth are more important. Network cards and modems exist in a range of formats that are designed for a wide range of speeds i. e. bandwidth depending on the type of network being used. Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) DCE and DTE work together by the DTE connecting to the Internet or network service offered by the DCE. This is network equipment which controls the communication. Some examples of these are: †¢ A Bluetooth dongle in a PC, which is used to synchronise a mobile phone or PDA. †¢ A switch in a communications/server room at school, college or work, which will connect all the computers to the Local Area Network (LAN) and the InternetWireless Devices Wireless devices are devices which transmit their data over the air. Types of mobile communication devices would be third (3G) and (2G) group of mobile phones, wireless laptops and wireless PDAs. Wireless networks use the 802. 11x standard. This is the IEEE standard (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) which defines the speed of the network and its range. The mobile phone network is a large connection of stat ions throughout the nation and internationally which allows subscribers to the service to communicate through low bandwidth voice system. The principles of signal theory Data The smallest portion of data is a bit.The word bit comes from Binary Digit which is either a 0 or 1. 0 or 1 means Off or On. This controls hardware within communication devices to perform operations. When bits are grouped together the can become more useful. For example, 8 bits of data will form 1 Byte. Denary to Binary Denary means 10 numbers. In our standard number system we have 10 numbers. These are: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Now to convert Denary to Binary, you must know the base 2 rules. These are similar to units, tens, hundreds that primary school children are taught. So for example say†¦ I want to convert the denary number 37 into binary. I would do this by taking the number and dividing it by 2 each time: Divide by 2 |37 |Remainder | |Divide by 2 |18 |1 | |Divide by 2 |9 |0 | |Divide by 2 |4 |1 | |Div ide by 2 |2 |0 | |Divide by 2 |1 |0 | | |0 |1 | Now what I do is take the remainders from the bottom of the table going up: 100101. With this I will now do 2 to the power of X, X being 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 etc. 25 24 23 22 21 20 – This is the 2x 1 0 0 1 0 1 – This is the binary for 37 32 16 8 4 2 1 – This is the base 2 ruleNow to check that the binary is correct I will take the base 2 numbers where the binary is a 1 and add them together. I should get the denary number: 32+4+1=37 This is how denary is converted to binary. Data Packets In networking, data must be formed in a package to be able to be transported over a network. Package formats vary for different types of networks. However the term data packet is always used to describe a package. A packet will contain a minimum of the foundation address, the destination address, data and error control. The foundation address is sent so the destination knows who sent the data. The destination address is used to find the r ight destination.Data is the actual information being sent. Error control is sent to help identify problems with the data once it has arrived at its destination (see chapter 1b for error detection techniques). Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmissions Asynchronous transmission means that the receiving device must accept the receipt of data before the source device will send more data. In synchronous transmission, both devices will synchronise with each other before any data is sent. Bandwidth (Analogue) Analogue signals are sine waves which look like the waveform in image 1. Sine waves are known as analogue signals is because they are an analogy of sound waves which travel in the same way.Analogue bandwidth is the number is cycles that occurs with the sine wave over a period of time, for example in image 1, the wave is 1Hz and occurred within 20ms so the bandwidth is 1Hzpms (1 Hertz per millisecond). So, finally, the bandwidth of an analogue signal is the difference in frequency be tween the highest and lowest frequencies contained in the signal. Bandwidth (Digital) Digital bandwidth is different to analogue bandwidth because digital signals are either 0 (off) or 1 (on) and look like squares (see image 1. 2). Digital bandwidth is the quantity of data that can be sent through a transmission over a specified period of time. These are generally measured in Bits per second (bps), Kilobits per second (kbps), Megabits per second (mbps) and Giga bits per second (gbps).Section2 Error detection and correction Parity (Odd and Even) Even  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Parity checking is usually used for Bytes of data. A parity bit is added to every Byte of data transmitted, whether the ninth bit is ‘0’ or ‘1’ depends on the combination of the other eight bits. If there is an uneven number of ‘1’s then the parity bit will be a ‘1’, if there is an even number of ‘1’s the parity bit will be a ‘0’. There should alway s be an even number of ‘1’s in the data. For example: 1011001 Parity bit = 0 Odd  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This works the same way as even parity checking, however, instead of the ‘1’s equalling an even number, they should equal an odd number.For example: 1011001 Parity bit = 1 Parity checking is easy to apply and can detect errors, however, it cannot correct errors, therefore, if an error is detected the data would need to be transmitted again. This method does not always work, this is because only an odd number of bits in error can be detected, if there is an even number of bits but there is still an error, this will not be detected. For example: 1011001 could be transmitted as 1100011. This is not the way that the data should have been transmitted but the error would not be detected because the data has an even number of bits in error. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Cyclic Redundancy Check is an error-detecting system. It performs a long division equation where the ans wer is thrown away and the remainder becomes the result.The data is then transferred and the same equation is done at the other end, if the remainder of the equation isn’t the same as the receipt, the data is corrupt and therefore rejected. Chapter 2 Section3 Communications Protocols Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is a set of rules that order the distribution of information over the internet. Its use to retrieve hypertext documents, which are interlinked text documents, led to the development of the World Wide Web. HTTP is a request and response made by the client and server, the client being the end user and the server being the web site. A client that makes a HTTP request using a web browser is known as a User Agent.The server, which stores resources such as HTML files or images, is called the Origin Server. Between the User Agent and the Origin Server may be intermediaries i. e. a negotiator who acts as a link between parties and examples are proxies, tunnels and gateways. HTTP is not controlled by the TCP/IP model and is the most popular application on the internet. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) The Internet Protocol Suite (or TCP/IP) is a set of protocols for communication used for the internet and similar networks. Its name derives from the two most important protocols in it, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), which are the first protocols in the Internet Protocol Suite standard.The Internet Protocol Suite may be viewed as a set of layers that work together in the transportation of data from one place to another. The TCP/IP model consists of four layers, from lowest to highest they are the: †¢ Link Layer †¢ Internet Layer †¢ Transport Layer †¢ Application Layer File Transfer Protocol (FTP) File Transfer Protocol is a protocol that is used to transfer data from one computer to another computer or device. FTP is a protocol for file transfer which allows the transfer and change of files over a TCP network. A FTP client connects to an FTP server and the client can then make changes, add or delete files on the FTP server. An example of an FTP client would be the webpage upload feature on Microsoft FrontPage.FTP has been designed so files can be transferred to any FTP server regardless of operating system type or version. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) The Open Systems Interconnections Basic Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model) is a description for layered communications and network protocol design. This was developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection intelligence. Basically, network architecture has been divided into seven layers. From top to bottom, these layers are: †¢ Application †¢ Presentation †¢ Session †¢ Transport †¢ Network †¢ Data Link †¢ Physical This is known as the OSI Seven Layer Model. Each layer is characterized by their formation. These provid e services to the layer above and receive services from the layer below it.An example of this would be a layer that can provide error free communications across a network provides the path needed by applications above it. It then calls the next layer below it to send and receive packets that make up the contents. Comparison between the OSI seven layer model and TCP/IP model OSI Seven Layer Model The OSI Seven Layer Model is a model for data transfer through layered communications allowing data from one PC to be able to be read by another PC anywhere in the world. This model packets the data into many layers, an example would be the layers of an onion, so it then transfers itself to another computer where it goes through the same seven layers but in the opposite direction to unwrap those layers.See image 6 for the structure of an OSI Seven Layer Model. These layers don’t communicate across to their ‘doppelganger’ layer on the other computer. If they wish to commun icate, they have to go through all the other layers that stand between them and their ‘doppelganger’ layer. This table to the right is basically explaining what each layer’s job is. (Table obtained from www. humanreffence. com under the download section) TCP/IP Four Layer Model The TCP/IP model captures data to provide idea of protocols and services. Data is captured in the same way as data is within the OSI Seven Layer Model, so data has to be captured on each level in the same way.The OSI Seven Layer model and the TCP/IP model are both similar in that they both use layers to perform tasks. They also have 2 layers that are very similar, the Transport and Network layers. The TCP/IP internet protocol suite has a wide range of protocols working at each layer of the OSI and TCP/IP models. Critical Comparison OSI and TCP/IP are both similar in a few ways, these being that they both work with layers to communicate, they are both a set of rules and they were also devel oped alongside. The Session Layer (OSI) In the OSI model, the Session layer allows two devices to hold on going communications called a session across a network. This is not found in TCP/IP.In TCP/IP, these characteristics are found in the Transport layer. The Presentation Layer (OSI) In the OSI model, the Presentation layer handles data format information for communications across a network. This is done by converting the information into a common format that both sides can understand. This is provided by the Application layer in the TCP/IP model. The Application Layer (OSI) In the OSI model, the Application layer is the top most layer of the model. It provides a set of interfaces for applications to gain access to services within a network as well as access to network services that support applications directly e. g: OSI – FTAM, VT, MHS, DS, CMIP TCP/IP – FTP, SMTP, DNS, SNMPAlthough the idea of an application process is common within both, their approach to the task of constructing application entities is very different. How OSI builds up applications OSI demands that distributed applications operate over a strict hierarchy of layers and are constructed from a tool kit of standardised application service elements, making them compatible. How TCP/IP builds up applications In TCP/IP, each application is created on whatever set of functions it needs beyond end to end transport to support a distributed communications service. Most of these processes build upon what it needs and assumes that only an underlying transport method (such as a datagram or connection) will be provided. Transport Layer (OSI)In OSI, the Transport layer takes the data that is going to be sent and breaks it down into individual packets that are sent and then reassembled by the Transport layer at the destination. It also provides a signalling service which tells the sender that the destination had received the data has been successfully received. Transport Layer (TCP/IP) In TC P/IP, the Transport layer introduces two transport protocols, TCP and UDP. TCP implements reliable transportation of data whereas UDP doesn’t. The reason this is, is because TCP required acknowledgement to ensure that data is sent correctly and successfully. If an error is detected, the packet can be resent. UDP just broadcasts the data without any need for a reply from the destination therefore data transportation will be faster but will be less reliable as errors can occur.Comparing Transport for both Models Transport for both models is very similar as they both contain transfer protocols that required acknowledgement that data has been received by the destination. While this would be slower, this is more effective as data will always end up being sent correctly. Network Vs. Internet. Both OSI and TCP/IP support a connectionless network service. OSI’s CLNP is practically identical to the Internet’s IP. Both are best-effort-delivery protocols. They are virtuall y identical but the one major difference that sets them apart is that CLNP supports variable length addresses whereas IP supports fixed, 32-bit addresses.

Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Example

Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Example Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Essay Topic: Middle School Is bullying a part of a more normal aspect of children’s behavior? Has bulling become a more serious problem? The answer is yes! I remember that at one point in my middle school years, I was bullied. Fortunately it didn’t get too serious because my parents moved me from the school I was attending. Not everyone has that luck. CNN reported Just prior to his death he was stripped nude, tied up and again placed into a trashcan, (Kuo, 2011, para. 4). This happened to Jon Carmichael, 13, who committed suicide, hanging himself after being bullied. Bullying is defined as when a teen’s behavior is purposefully meant to harm or disturb another child, when it occurs repeatedly over time. Further, bullying behaviors include anything from verbal belittling regarding race, looks or speech, hitting, pushing or slapping. It also includes rumors, sexual comments or gestures. Many argue that there is no real way to prevent bullying. Kids will be kids and that is all there is to it. But, because of the incredibly negative effects that have recently been found to occur to the victims of bullying, there has been an active effort to limit bullying. The solutions are easy ones, and easy to practice. Often times, students fall victim to the bystander effect, simply by letting the bullying occur. It is in the hands of the kids and the teachers. The teachers need to listen and watch. They have to pick up on the clues that a child is being bullied. As for students, to embrace the victim is to tell the bully that what they are doing is unacceptable. The bully will stop if the bully knows that they are not getting the kind of attention they sought through bullying. It is a group effort, and an effort that is worth it. According to Indicators of School Crime Safety, bullying continues to be a serious problem, particularly in middle schools, where 10% of students in grades 6 and 7 reported to be bullied, compared to 5% of students in grades 8 and 9, (Indicators of School Crime Safety, 2000, p. 13). Parents also have to get involved in the situation. First, listen to your child. Many fail to do this. Just talking about the problem and knowing that you care can be helpful and comforting. Make sure that your child knows that you do not blame or feel disappointed in him or her. Encourage your child not to retaliate against the bully or to let the bully see how much he or she has upset your child. Getting a response just reinforces the bullying behavior. Tell your child that if at all possible, he or she should stay calm and respond evenly or firmly. Some children find it works to just say nothing and walk away. At other times, it can be more effective to make a joke, laugh at oneself, or to use humor to defuse the situation. Finally, encourage your child to go immediately to a teacher, principal or any other nearby adult. Bullied victims should be encouraged to form strong friendships. Those who have loyal friends are less likely to be singled out by a bully. So, yes! Bullying has become a serious problem that can lead to death. It is important for parents, teachers and principals to increase supervision on students. Parents need to know who their child is spending time with. Schools need an anonymous hotline line, in which students can report any bullying. If the bullying continues, you need to seek help for your child. Without intervention, bullying can lead to serious academic, social, emotional and legal difficulties. Talk to your childs pediatrician, teacher, principal, school counselor, or your family physician. If the bullying continues, a comprehensive evaluation by a child and adolescent psychiatrist or other mental health professional should be arranged. The evaluation can help you and your child understand what is causing the bullying and help you develop a plan to stop the destructive behavior.

Slavery going on today in world essays

Slavery going on today in world essays Slavery is an issue Americans wish is still apart of our past. However it is still taking place in many countries around the world. One of these many countries is Sudan. Sudan is a fairly large country located in northeast Africa. In Sudan women and children are still the result of slavery. In order to understand the current conditions of Sudan, the history is very important. In 632, the beginning of Islam brought many positive things to the country such as political unity and economic growth. However, as early as 1839 the northern Arabs began raiding the villages taking African Americans into slavery. The slaves were then sold in world slave markets as well as being domestic slaves. In 1881 the Turkish-Egyptian control diminished when Mahdist revolted. Mandi rule was between 1885 and 1898 when slavery flourished. However, the Sudan was recaptured by the Anglo-Egyptians in 1898. Official slave trade was abolished but domestic trade continued. When Sudan was under the Anglo-Egyptian rule the northern part of Sudan and the southern part of Sudan was governed under different rule. The Arab-Islamic influence was in the south. Sudan regained its independence in 1956, but the two different states had many differences. These differences were history, culture, rac e, geography, and religion. These differences led to a Civil War in 1956. In the Sudan Civil Wars, it is simply the north verses the south. The north is Muslim with an Arab heritage, whereas, the south is Christian and an African heritage. The Arab heritage has always treated the south as thought they were a minority. Also, the south has been isolated from the north by its geography. The souths geography has prevented them from participating in the countrys political, economic, and social life. Islam points of view are strong in the northern part of Sudan where the southern area is mostly absent of Islamic views. In 1983 President Nimeiri...

U choose a topic Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

U choose a topic - Case Study Example This water industry operated under strict regulations from both governmental and nongovernmental organizations concerned with quality assurance. One such organization includes the International Bottled Water Association (IBWA), and the America’s Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These bodies are usually concerned with facilitating adoption of safety and quality related standards to consumer markets. Within any economic environment, bottled water industry plays a significant role in enhancing management and rational utilization of ground water (Gleick 54). In addition, this industry provides numerous opportunities for commercial ventures involving different stakeholders like suppliers and logistical manufactures. In the recent past, statistics indicates steadily increasing sales in bottled water within the global consumer market. In 2009 alone, sales of bottled water were approximately $78 billion within that fiscal year alone. In 2010, sales increased by 4.3% to hit a revenu e target of $81 billion. This specific increase within that short period indicates availability of business opportunities within the industry (Eshleman 71). In this regard, certain success factors facilitate achievement of production, distribution and sales objectives by involved companies. One such factor is conformance to production standards required by the industry. Bottled water industry is under governance by federal and state authorities in matters relating to product quality. In order for any organization to gain considerable recognition within any given marketing environment, they will first develop reliable standards of production allowed by relevant authorities. Within the American market, success only comes after an organization gains quality approval from the Food and Drug Association. Apart from such a local quality assurance authorities, other producers choose to advance towards attainment of standards required by international bodies like IBWA (Vasconcellos 84). In t his context, success is directly related to level of conformance to existing standards of product quality in the market. Another integral success factor in bottled water industry involves marketing strategies employed by a given company. In this case, an example of strategy that directly influence marketing trends include distribution and sales patterns used by a marketing agency to reach target consumers (Eshleman 88). Consumer trends suggest that individuals are more likely to purchase a convenience related product whenever their proximity to that product increases. In actual consumer markets, bottled water occupies same shelves as those of other soft drinks in convenience stores. In addition, bottled water can also be sold along with other soft drinks in restaurants, hotels and snack shops. This means that the ability of an organization to avail their product to these premises increases their chances of sales success. From a more practical illustration, Coca Cola utilized its sof t drink distribution channels to deliver its bottled water brands to the market. Fortunately, Coca Cola had a fully developed and efficient distribution channel for their soft drink market. The company was under no commercial obligation to develop a new distribution channel for their new products (Eshleman 92). In this regard, the company in subject supplied mineral water filled bottles to store shelves selling their popular soft drinks. Changes in the industry Since its inception on a commercial scale level,

Negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Negotiation - Essay Example Frank Hu, the partner was located in CA at the time. He is a 40-year-old IT engineer with a great background of people resources in the area. His role was to act as a bridge between the CA clients and us, located in TX. In the deal, Frank’s primary job was to organize Seminars. This covered arrangement of location, advertising and general contacts. With this limited responsibility, Frank was happy with 20% share on each closed house deal based on 3% commission of sales price, plus 50% share cost on all business expenses for Advertising and Seminars. My team leader – Lady M, chose me to play her primary role, and gave me the charge of the investing department and the authority to deal with Frank. I was quick learner, and was able to lead the negotiations with confidence in a matter of two months. My primary duties were Seminar hosting, Real Estate tour trips, sales and buying, house leasing, and also rental management between investors and tenants. It was a 24/7 job and I was able to learn a lot and survived though unlimited multi-tasking. My own share percentage with Lady M was 1/3 of sales price in each closed transaction plus 50% of any bonuses from new home builders on top of deals. It sounded great in compare with my work. Monthly volume at the time was a minimum of 6 seminars in CA, with average of 10 or more closures. Besides we got 10 -15 rental houses on the market, and the cumulative number of housing management started from 50 from when I joined the business. It was exhausting work but the compensation was worth the effort. Indeed I thought my life could not be more perfect and tougher, until the unexpected happened. One day in winter, Frank and his wife secretly flied into Dallas for a private meeting with me. On the dinner table at my home, Frank started off with remarks that Lady M, who had not been neither involved nor devoted to any efforts all this time, skimmed off